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TREASURY    DEPARTMENT 
Public  Health  and  Marine-Hospital  Service  of  the  United  States 


THE  PRESENT  PANDEMIC 
OF  PLAGUE 


BY 


ASSISTANT  SURGEON-GENERAL  J.  M.  EAGER 


PREPARED  BY  DIRECTION  OP  THE  SURGEON-GENERAL 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OPPICE 
1908 


THE   PRESENT   PANDEMIC  OF  PLAGUE. 


By  Assistant  Surgeon-General  J.  M.  Eager. 


No  study  presents  more  important  and  difficult  sanitary  problems 
than  the  lines  of  march  taken  by  bubonic  plague  during  the  past 
fourteen  years  in  its  advance  from  the  remote  endemic  focus  of  the 
disease  in  the  province  of  Yunnan,  China,  to  the  numerous  countries 
in  all  quarters  of  the  globe,  where  by  epidemic  expansion  plague  has 
appeared  and  in  many  instances  established  itself  in  defiance  of  the 
most  carefully  planned  preventive  measures. 

1894. — The  revival  of  plague  dates  from  the  year  1894,  when,  escap- 
ing from  the  western  Chinese  province  of  Yunnan,  it  reached  Canton, 
an  important  city  and  seaport  of  southern  China.  The  first  public 
knowledge  of  plague  in  Canton  was  in  January,  1894,  when  Dr.  Mary 
Niles  was  called  to  see  General  Wong's  daughter-in-law,  who  was 
suffering  froin  an  inguinal  bubo  and  grave  constitutional  symptoms. 

The  escape  of  plague  from  its  endemic  foci  is  not  in  itself  an  unusual 
event.  It  appears  to  be  established  that  there  are  two  distinct 
"strains"  of  plague,  differing  in  the  location  of  their  permanent 
homes  and  in  the  facility  for  spreading  outside  the  endemic  foci. 
One  of  the  endemic  homes  of  plague  is  in  western  Asia.  The  ''strain " 
lodged  there  does  not  possess  the  same  power  of  diffusion  as  the  Indo- 
Chinese  ''strain."  It  was  the  Indo-Chinese  variety  which,  escaping 
from  its  endemic  center  in  Yunnan,  gave  rise  to  the  present  pandemic. 
From  1879  to  1894  not  a  single  year  passed  without  the  appearance 
of  plague  in  some  locality  distant  from  endemic  plague  centers. 
India,  Japan,  Arabia,  Persia,  and  Russia  were  thus  invaded,  but  the 
disease  did  not  develop  pandemic  proportions.  The  startling  fact 
about  the  excursion  of  plague  in  1894  is  that  it  did  not  limit  itself  to 
the  locality  primarily  visited,  but  began  a  series  of  ramifications  that 
have  since  become  world-wide.  In  1894  plague  was  introduced  from 
Canton  into  the  neighboring  island  of  Hongkong,  a  journey  by  water 
of  about  eight  hours.  During  the  height  of  the  epidemic  it  was  almost 
a  daily  event  for  deaths  to  occur  en  route  from  Canton  to  Hongkong. 
A  rough  estimate  gives  the  number  of  deaths  in  Canton  as  120,000 
between  March  and  August.  All  classes  among  the  native  population 
suffered,  and  rats  were  observed  to  be  affected;  but  in  the  foreign 
quarter  of  Canton,  with  a  population  of  about  300,  not  a  single  case 
occurred. 

(3)    . 


ISOo. — Cases  of  plajjuo  were  reported  at  Hongkong,  Amoy,  Macao, 
and  Foochoo,  but  these  small  outbreaks  attracted  little  attention. 

1896. — In  the  ^ear  1896  sanitary  attention  throughout  the  world 
was  focused  on  the  threatening  epidemic  by  the  menacing  and 
memorable  aj^pearance  of  the  disease  in  Bombay,  a  port  connected 
with  Europe  l)y  (juick  and  constant  maritime  communication. 
Although  the  gateway  of  entrance  of  plague  into  Bombay  is  uncertain, 
sanitary  opinion  favors  the  view  that  it  was  imported  from  southern 
China.  The  disease  beginning  in  August  spread  throughout  the 
whole  A'ast  territory  of  the  Bombay  Presidency  and  before  the  end  of 
the  year  showed  a  total  of  2,9S0  cases  and  2,288  deaths.  From  the 
beginning  of  the  outbreak,  notwithstanding  the  opposition  founded 
on  the  religious  prejudice  of  the  native  population,  active  sanitary 
measures  were  adopted.  Houses  were  evacuated,  cleansed,  and  dis- 
infected; the  sick  were  isolated  in  special  hospitals;  notification  of 
cases  was  made  obligatory;  special  inspection  was  instituted  on  the 
railroads  and  at  the  principal  ports,  and  Haffkine  prophylactic  inocu- 
lation was  extensively  practiced.  Later  the  opposition  founded  on 
violation  of  caste  distinctions  provoked  such  disturbances  that  it  was 
deemed  advisable  to  modify  the  regulations  at  first  put  into  practice. 

Plague  again  appeared  in  Hongkong  in  1896,  where  it  has  been 
epidemic  ever  since.  Before  the  end  of  April  the  disease  v/as  scattered 
everywhere  throughout  the  city.  There  were  more  than  1,000  deaths, 
and  it  was  found  that  the  rat  burrows  were  infected.  The  disease 
reappeared  in  various  parts  of  Canton,  but  the  prevalence  was  not  as 
bad  as  in  the  previous  year — there  were  about  half  as  man}"  deaths.  It 
was  also  present  at  Foochoo,  and  rats  died  in  large  numbers.  There 
were  nearly  200  cases  in  the  island  of  Formosa  with  a  large  mortality. 
The  appearance  of  the  disease  in  Formosa  was  the  beginning  of  a  most 
destructive  epidemic  that  has  lasted  to  the  present  day.  A  single 
case  died  ashore  at  Yokohama  twenty-four  hours  after  arrival  by  sea 
from  Hongkong.  A  small  epidemic,  with  about  15  deaths,  occurred 
among  the  Kurdish  cavahy  at  Bitlis  in  Asiatic  Turkey;  and  in  No- 
vember there  were  2  cases,  with  1  death,  at  St.  Petersburg. 

1897. — The  number  of  cases  of  plague  during  the  year  1897  in 
India  was  more  than  73,000  with  over  55,000  deaths.  In  the  city  of 
Bombay  13,000  cases  occurred.  Nearly  all  tlie  other  cases  were  in 
Bombay  Presidency.  In  the  Punjab  there  were  about  300  cases,  and 
the  disease  extended  widely  in  western  and  northcMu  India,  though  the 
cases  were  scattered  and  not  comparatively  numerous.  Plague  was 
present  at  Kurrachee  and  Madras. 

hi  China  iIhtc  were  cpidciiiics  at  Amoy  and  Swatow;  there  was  a 
score  of  deaths  at  Iloiigkong,  and  the  disease  was  present  at  Macao. 
Tlie  island  of  Formosa  suffered  an  epidemic  that  caused  over  500 
deaths.     In  Japan  pro))er  there  were  a  few  cases  in  Nagasaki  and 


Kanagawa  prefectures.  In  June  and  July  pilgrims  brought  the 
disease  to  the  Turkish  seaport  of  Jiddah  with  a  sequel  of  50  deaths. 

In  the  year  1897  an  international  conference  was  held  at  Venice, 
Italy,  and  measures  were  devised  to  render  effective  and  uniform  the 
various  procedures  adopted  by  different  countries  against  the  threat- 
ened extension  of  plague. 

1898. — The  number  of  plague  cases  and  deaths  in  India  in  1898  as 
compared  with  the  preceding  year  more  than  doubled.  There  were 
over  150,000  cases  with  a  mortality  of  1 17,000.  A  great  increase  took 
place  in  the  city  and  presidency  of  Bombay.  In  the  northeastern  and 
central  provinces,  in  Rajputana  and  the  Punjab,  there  was  an  alarming 
augmentation.  Over  200  cases  occurred  in  Calcutta;  the  disease 
prevailed  at  Kurrachee,  and  among  numerous  other  localities  invaded 
were  the  presidency  of  Madras  (with  a  few  cases  in  the  city  of  Madras) 
and  the  State  of  Hyderabad. 

With  a  view  to  preventing  the  spread  of  the  plague  westward  by 
Mussulman  pilgrimages,  international  sanitary  conventions  were  held 
at  Alexandria,  Egypt,  and  at  Constantinople.  Though  the  efforts 
to  prohibit  Mohammedan  excursions  failed,  attention  was  drawn  to 
the  improvement  of  quarantines  and  the  prevention  of  clandestine 
pilgrimages.  Nevertheless,  plague  appeared  at  Jiddah  as  in  the  pre- 
ceding 3^ear,  but  without  very  disastrous  results.  The  prevalence 
at  Jiddah,  not  amounting  to  50  cases,  was  preceded  b}^  a  single  case  at 
Nuslah,  one  of  the  neighboring  villages.  There  were  cases  at  Suez  on 
steamships  from  Bombay  and  Jiddah.  A  further  extension  brought 
about  by  Moslem  travel  took  place  in  Russian  Turkistan,  where  two- 
thirds  of  the  inhabitants  of  a  village  of  about  350  population  died. 
In  the  island  of  Formosa  a  severe  epidemic  prevailed,  and  there  were 
cases  on  board  ship  in  Japanese  ports,  the  disease  having  been  brought 
from  plague-infected  Chinese  ports.  At  Hongkong  there  was  a  recru- 
descence with  1,300  deaths.  Plague  was  epidemic  at  Amoy,  and  at 
one  period  there  were  as  many  as  100  cases  a  day.  There  were  a  few 
cases  at  Canton  and  the  disease  was  present  at  Swatow  and  Macao. 
It  also  reached  north  China  waters,  a  steamship  from  Hongkong 
arriving  at  Woosung,  10  miles  from  Shanghai,  having  had  a  death 
aboard  from  plague. 

During  this  year  plague  extended  far  from  its  endemic  home  and 
reached  the  African  islands  of  Madagascar  and  Mauritius.  At  the 
seaport  town,  Tamatav,  Madagascar,  there  were  over  200  cases;  and 
the  long-lasting  affliction  of  Mauritius  began  with  2  fatal  cases. 

1899. — Plague  continued  to  increase  in  India  in  1899.  The  figures 
for  the  year  show  more  than  176,000  cases  and  135,000  deaths  from 
plague  in  all  India.  Nearly  20,000  cases  occurred  in  the  city  of  Bom- 
bay, with  a  proportionate  increase  throughout  the  presidency  of  the 
same  name.     The  presidency  of  Bengal,  including  the  city  of  Cal- 


cutta,  and  the  presidency  of  Madras  were  notable  sufferers.  There 
were  a  few  cases  in  the  city  of  ^Madras.  In  the  States  of  Mysore  and 
Hyderabad  tlioiisands  died.  The  disease  prevailed  wddely  in  many 
other  sections  of  India,  but  not  with  the  same  severity  as  in  the 
localities  mentioned.  There  was  a  decreased  prevalence  in  the 
Punjab. 

In  China  there  were  serious  epidemics  in  Hongkong,  Xew-Chwang, 
and  Pakhoi.  The  disease  was  present  at  Amoy,  Foochoo.  and  Yuen- 
Kiang.  In  central  and  western  ^longolia  there  were  ^nde  preva- 
lences. In  Japan,  plague  was  epidemic  at  Kobe  and  in  the  neighbor- 
ing city  of  Osaka.  There  were  cases  at  Hiroshima  and  Nagasaki. 
The  epidemic  continued  to  ravage  the  island  of  Formosa.  The 
Straits  Settlements  were  also  visited,  the  infection  being  imported 
fioni  Plongkong  into  the  cities  of  Penang  and  Singapore,  where  it 
became  epidemic.  Forty  persons  died  from  plague  at  the  seaport  of 
Bushire,  Persia.  It  was  present  at  Jiddah,  and  cases  were  reported  at 
^luscat  and  Mecca.  At  Bassorah,  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  plague  broke  out 
among  ^Mohammedan  pilgrims  on  a  steamship. 

In  Egypt  there  were  about  100  cases,  the  disease  being  confined  to 
Alexandria.  A  recrudescence  occurred  at  Tamatav,  Madagascar, 
and  an  alarming  epidemic  swept  the  island  of  Mauritius  and  was 
particularl}'  devastating  at  Port  Louis.  Mozambique  suffered  heavil}^ 
and  there  were  hundreds  of  cases  at  Bassam,  on  the  French  Ivory 
Coast.     Plague  was  epidemic  at  Lourenpo  Marquez. 

There  were  cases  at  Honolulu,  marking  the  invasion  of  the  Hawaiian 
Islands  by  plague.  The  disease  was  epidemic  at  St.  Denis,  the  capi- 
tal of  Reunion  Island.  Cases  occurred  in  the  Pacific  islands  of  New 
Caledonia. 

In  Europe,  plague  visited  three  wddely  separated  countries — Por- 
tugal, Russia,  and  Austria.  There  were  more  than  300  cases  and 
over  100  deaths  at  Oporto,  Portugal.  The  origin  of  the  infection 
was  not  accounted  for.  At  Lisbon  a  physician  died  of  plague  after 
doing  a  necropsy  at  Oporto,  and  there  were  a  few  cases  elsewhere  in 
the  country.  In  two  Kirghiz  camps  in  the  government  of  Astra- 
khan, Russia,  there  were  about  80  deaths  from  plague.  In  Novem- 
ber a  seaman  from  eastern  Mediterranean  ports  died  of  plague  in  the 
municipal  hospital  at  Trieste,  Austria. 

Plague  took  an  eventful  extension  in  the  year  1899,  reaching  the 
continent  of  South  America.  At  Assumption,  Paraguay,  there  were 
over  100  cases;  in  Brazil  there  were  about  40  cases  at  Santos  and 
sporadic  cases  at  Sao  Paulo  and  Conceicao  dos  Guarulhos,  and  the 
disease  was  present  at  Corrientes  and  Formosa  in  Argentina. 

1900. — Plague  was  present  in  every  quarter  of  the  world  in  1900 — 
Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  Oceania,  North  and  South  America  were  its  hosts. 

Excej)t  ill  Bengal  Presidency  and  in  the  State  of  Mysore  the  preva- 
lence of  phigiie  in  India  was  less  intense  in  1900  than  in  1899.     In 


all  India  there  were  over  110,000  cases  with  about  92,000  deaths. 
More  than  42,000  cases  occurred  in  the  presidency  of  Bombay,  and  of 
these  cases  nearly  17,000  were  in  the  city  of  Bombay.  Forty  thou- 
sand cases  were  reported  in  the  presidency  of  Bengal,  including  the 
city  of  Calcutta.  The  State  of  Mysore  suffered  greatly,  17,000  cases 
with  13,000  deaths  being  reported.  The  presidency  of  Madras  and 
the  State  of  Hyderabad  had  about  10,000  cases  each  and  the  Punjab 
about  700  cases.  There  were  a  few  imported  cases  in  the  city  of 
Madras.  In  the  Ottoman  Empire  there  were  epidemics  at  Aden, 
Jiddah,  Yembo,  Muscat,  and  Matarah.  There  were  cases  at  Smyrna 
and  Beirut.  Cases  occurred  among  pilgrims  at  Tor.  The  preva- 
lence at  Aden  was  particularly  grave.  Persian  Kurdistan  was  pene- 
trated by  the  disease,  and  at  Djivanro  a  great  mortality  followed. 
Cases  also  occurred  on  the  island  of  Kishm,  in  the  Persian  Gulf.  At 
Amoy,  China,  there  were  1,500  cases;  at  Hongkong  1,000  deaths; 
many  cases  were  recorded  at  Macao,  and  there  was  a  devastating  epi- 
demic in  the  island  of  Hainan.  An  epidemic  of  plague  swept  the 
island  of  Formosa  and  there  were  prevalences  at  Osaka,  Kobe,  Hiogo, 
and  a  few  cases  elsewhere.  In  Egypt  there  were  epidemics  at  Alex- 
andria and  Port  Said,  and  the  disease  was  present  at  Suakim. 

The  epidemic  of  the  previous  year  at  Mozambique  was  prolonged 
into  January,  1900.  New  cases  appeared  at  Tamatav,  Madagascar,  and 
the  epidemics  in  the  islands  of  Mauritius  and  Reunion  continued.  In 
South  Africa  a  score  of  cases  occurred  in  the  district  of  Eang  William's 
To^vn,  Cape  Colony.  At  Honolulu,  Hawaii,  there  was  an  epidemic, 
and  the  disease  was  present  at  Hilo  and  Kahului.  The  PhiHppine 
Islands  were  included  in  the  march  of  the  disease,  225  cases  with 
150  deaths  taking  place  at  Manila.  PlagTie  was  present  at  Malabon, 
San  Petro  Macati  (near  Manila),  and  in  Cavite  and  Cebu.  Plag-ue 
present  the  previous  year  in  the  island  of  New  Caledonia  became  epi- 
demic. Austraha  became  a  plague  center  in  1900  and  has  lodged  the 
disease  ever  since.  At  Sydney,  New  South  Wales,  there  were  about 
300  cases.  The  disease  spread  in  Victoria  to  Melbourne;  in  South 
Austraha  to  Adelaide;  in  Western  Austraha  to  Fremantle;  and  in 
Queensland  to  Brisbane,  Townsville,  Kockhampton,  Cairns,  Charters 
Towers,  Ipswich,  and  Thursday  Island.  At  Auckland,  New  Zealand, 
plague  was  reported  present.  At  Oporto  a  few  cases  of  plague 
occurred  in  the  first  half  of  the  year,  terminating  the  outbreak  in 
Portugal.  But  other  notable  extensions  of  the  disease  took  place 
in  Europe.  Glasgow,  Scotland,  developed  from  an  undetermined 
source  28  cases  and  8  deaths  wdthin  two  months;  4  cases  and  2  deaths 
were  reported  at  London,  England,  and  a  single  case  at  Cardiff, 
Wales.  At  Bremen,  Germany,  a  seaman  from  Buenos  Aires  devel- 
oped plague  ashore  the  day  after  his  discharge  from  a  steamship  and 
died  of  the  disease.  The  government  of  Astrakhan,  Russia,  afflicted 
the  previous  year,  was  again  the  seat  of  an  epidemic.     There  was  an 


8 

epidemic  in  the  oovernment  of  Saiiiaia.  The  most  iiotaLlo  fact  in 
the  year's  history  of  plague  in  the  western  world  was  the  appearance 
of  22  fatal  cases  at  San  Francisco,  Cal.  In  South  America,  there 
were  in  Brazil  about  600  cases  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  the  disease  was 
present  at  Sao  Paulo,  Santos,  Nictheroy,  and  PetropoKs.  In  Argen- 
tina epidemics  prevailed  at  Buenos  Aires  and  Rosario,  and  there  were 
cases  in  Paraguay  at  Assumption  and  Concepcion. 

1901. — The  diminution  of  plague  in  India  in  1900  gave  rise  to  disap- 
pointed hopes.  In  1901  a  great  augmentation  took  place — the  dis- 
ease increased  threefold.  More  than  362,000  cases  and  278,000  deaths 
were  recorded  in  all  India.  The  presidency  of  Bombay  suffered 
severely.  The  city  of  Bombay  ^v^as  greatly  scourged,  over  20,000 
cases  being  recorded.  Ninety  thousand  cases  occurred  in  the  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  the  epidemic  more  than  doubling  itself  as  compared 
with  the  preceding  year.  In  Calcutta  plague  continued  with  about 
the  same  intensity  as  in  1900,  nearly  9,000  cases  being  recorded.  In 
the  Punjab,  destined  in  later  years  to  become  the  seat  of  frightful 
devastations,  the  disease  assumed  graver  proportions.  An  increase 
also  took  place  in  Madras  presidency. 

Plague  having  already  established  an  abode  in  every  continent, 
the  fiu'ther  history  of  the  pandemic  is  largely  a  chronicle  of  intra- 
continental  expansion.  In  China,  in  1901,  it  was  epidemic  in  Hong- 
kong, Macao,  Canton,  Fat  Shan,  and  elsewhere  in  the  province  of 
Quang-Tong,  which  was  the  seat  of  an  immense  prevalence.  Amoy 
was  visited  by  an  epidemic.  An  increase  took  place  in  the  island  of 
Formosa,  and  in  Japan  proper  there  were  cases  at  Kobe  and  Hiogo 
and  epidemics  at  Osaka  and  in  Shizuoka  prefecture.  Sporadic  cases 
were  reported  at  Singapore,  in  the  Straits  Settlements,  marking  a 
new  step  in  the  march  of  the  epidemic.  Scattered  cases  occurred  in 
Asiatic  Turkey,  and  in  Siam  there  was  a  small  epidemic  at  Tongkah. 
In  Asiatic  Russia  an  epidemic  appeared  at  Uralsk.  Plague  was  pres- 
ent at  Batoom,  in  Asiatic  Russia.  The  hold  of  the  disease  on  Egypt 
was  strengthened.  Alexandria,  Zagazig,  Port  Said,  Mit-Gamr,  Zifta, 
and  Benha  were  the  seats  of  visitations,  but  the  disease,  though  dis- 
seminated, had  not  yet  assumed  the  gravity  that  was  to  come  in  later 
years.  Plague  entered  on  its  third  year  in  Mozambique  and  the 
epidemic  in  the  island  of  Mauritius  continued  its  ravages.  In  Cape 
Colony  there  were  over  700  cases  in  the  year  1901,  Port  Elizabeth 
furnishing  as  a  beginning  of  a  five  3^ears'  epidemic  records  of  100 
cases,  with  the  death  of  nearly  one-half  the  cases. 

Bri.sbane,  Perth,  and  Sydney,  in  Australia,  had  small  epidemics,  and 
the  disease  was  again  present  as  in  the  past  year  at  Adelaide.  The 
epidemic  in  th(>  island  of  Reunion  entered  on  its  third  year.  There 
was  a  prevalence  in  New  Caledonia.  In  the  Philippine  Islands  several 
hundred  rases  devel()])ed  at  Manila,  with  scattered  cases  in  Cavite, 
Cebu,  Malolos,  Malahon,  and  elsewhere.     Hav/aii  was  visited  by  the 


disease,  11  fatal  cases  bein^  recorded  at  Honolulu,  and  the  disease 
was  reported  present  in  Kauai  Island. 

Europe  figured  prominently  in  the  plague  chronicle  of  the  year. 
The  epidemic  of  the  previous  year  in  the  Astrakhan  government  con- 
tinued and  there  was  an  appearance  of  plague  at  Odessa.  Two  per- 
sons only  were  stricken.  The  origin  of  the  infection  was  not  accounted 
for.  The  presence  in  the  government  of  Samara  in  1900  was  fol- 
lowed by  an  epidemic  in  1901.  At  Batoom  plague  was  also  present. 
A  small  epidemic  broke  out  in  Constantinople,  Turkey,  cases  appear- 
ing throughout  the  year.  At  Oporto,  Portugal,  where  an  epidemic 
appeared  in  1899,  continuing  through  1900,  cases  to  the  number  of  10 
appeared  in  1901.  A  limited  epidemic  occurred  at  Naples,  Italy, 
of  particular  importance  to  the  United  States  because  of  the  great 
number  of  immigrants  arriving  at  New  York  from  that  port.  At 
Hull,  England,  there  were  10  cases,  all  of  which,  except  that  of  the 
attending  physician,  were  members  of  the  crew  of  a  steamship  from 
Alexandria,  Egypt.  A  workman  in  a  flour  store  at  Cardiff,  Wales, 
died  of  plague,  and  there  were  half  a  dozen  cases  at  Liverpool,  Eng- 
land. A  reappearance  of  the  disease  took  place  at  Glasgow,  Scot- 
land, the  cases  being  few  in  number.  In  America  there  were  30  cases 
and  25  deaths  at  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  during  the  year.  The  disease 
was  epidemic  (nearly  400  cases  during  the  year)  at  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Brazil.  Small  epidemics  occurred  at  Nictheroy  and  Petropolis, 
Brazil,  and  at  San  Nicolas  de  los  Arroyos,  Argentina.  The  disease 
was  present  at  Assumption,  Paraguay,  for  the  third  consecutive  year. 

1902. — The  increase  of  plague  in  India  in  1901  was  the  forerunner 
of  a  still  greater  augmentation  in  1902.  In  the  latter  year  over 
765,000  cases  and  575,000  deaths  were  recorded.  The  presidency  of 
Bombay  and  the  Punjab,  with  about  300,000  cases  each,  were  the 
chief  sufferers.  The  city  of  Bombay  furnished  over  16,000  cases, 
with  14,000  deaths.  The  city  of  Madras,  notably  exempt  from  the 
beginning  of  the  epidemic  in  India,  had  16  cases  only,  against  9  the 
preceding  year.  In  the  presidency  of  Bengal,  including  the  city  of 
Calcutta,  there  was  a  diminution  of  the  disease. 

The  spread  of  plague  became  more  extensive  in  China  in  1902  and 
it  maintained  its  epidemic  hold  on  the  great  centers  on  which  it  had 
fastened  itself  in  previous  years.  Chinese  Turkistan,  the  heart  of 
Asia,  was  invaded  and  sporadic  cases  appeared  in  French  Indo- 
China.  Formosa  continued  to  suffer  from  a  great  epidemic;  Tokyo 
and  Yokohama  had  small  prevalences,  and  the  disease  was  present 
at  Kobe.  Singapore  and  the  State  of  Selangor,  in  the  Straits  Settle- 
ments, lodged  the  disease,  and  in  Turkish  territory  in  Asia  there  was 
a  scattered  prevalence,  Bagdad  being  the  seat  of  a  small  epidemic. 
There  was  no  improvement  in  Africa.  In  Egypt  plague  was  epidemic 
all  the  year  at  Alexandria  and  Zifta;  its  presence  was  announced  in 
Damietta  and  Port  Said;  and  in  six  of  the  provinces  there  was  an 
45326—08 2 


10 

aggregate  of  several  hundred  cases.  At  Nairoba,  a  small  town  in 
Zanzibar  on  the  railroad  between  Mombassa  and  Uganda,  there  was 
a  sharp  epidemic  of  brief  duration.  Mozambique  and  Mauritius 
continued  to  be  afflicted.  Majunga,  the  most  important  port  on  the 
west  coast  of  Madagascar,  and  Tamatav,  in  the  same  island,  suffered 
from  epidemics.  Fort  Bukoba,  in  German  East  Africa,  was  visited, 
and  in  Cape  Colony  and  Natal  there  were  epidemic  manifestations  of 
little  importance.  Australia  harbored  the  disease  in  the  colonies  of 
New  South  Wales,  Queensland,  Victoria,  and  "Western  Australia.  At 
Svdney  and  Brisbane  the  epidemics  were  of  a  grave  nature.  New 
Zealand  had  visitations  of  plague  at  Auckland  and  Lyttelton,  the 
disease  having  been  reported  present  at  Auckland  two  years  before. 
In  the  Philippine  Islands  there  were  a  few  cases  at  Manila  and  Cebu. 
Thirty-five  fatal  cases  were  reported  at  Honolulu  and  9  cases,  with  6 
deaths,  on  Kauai  Island,  Hawaii.  Russia  and  Turkey  were  the  only 
European  countries  in  which  plague  was  reported  in  1902.  In  the  for- 
mer country  there  were  epidemics  in  the  governments  of  Astrakhan  and 
Saratov.  Odessa,  lightly  touched  by  the  disease  the  previous  year, 
developed  50  cases  in  1902.  The  small  epidemic  of  the  previous 
year  at  Constantinople,  Turkey,  was  followed  by  a  few  cases  in  1902. 
In  America  the  United  States,  Mexico,  Brazil,  Argentina,  and  Para- 
guay were  listed  among  the  countries  in  which  plague  was  present. 
The  disease  as  reported  in  the  United  States  was  limited  to  41  fatal 
cases  at  San  Francisco,  Cal.  At  Mazatlan  and  Ensenada,  Mexico, 
there  were  small  epidemics.  Rio  de  Janeiro  and  Pernambuco,  Brazil, 
were  heavily  scourged ;  Porto  Alegre,  in  the  same  country,  had  a  small 
epidemic,  and  there  were  cases  present  elsewhere  in  Brazil.  Spo- 
radic cases  were  reported  at  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  and  an  epidemic 
outbreak  of  mild  character  occurred  at  Assumption,  Paraguay. 

1903. — Plague  in  India  continued  to  increase  in  an  alarming  manner. 
There  were  nearly  300,000  more  deaths  from  the  disease  than  during 
the  preceding  year.  The  records  for  1903  show  for  all  India  over 
1,127,000  cases  and  835,000  deaths.  Hyderabad,  the  Central  Prov- 
inces, and  Central  India  became  the  seat  of  devastating  epidemics. 
Nearly  all  regions  of  India  that  had  previously  been  invaded  showed 
an  augmented  mortality.  In  Asia,  outside  of  India,  China  was  the 
worst  sufferer  in  1903.  Hongkong,  Canton,  Swatow,  Foochoo,  and 
New-Chwang  were  the  seats  of  extensive  prevalences.  There  was  an 
epidemic  in  the  province  of  Quang-Tong.  Ha-Noi,  in  French  Indo- 
Cliina,  where  sporadic  cases  appeared  the  year  before,  developed  an 
("j)i(l('mi(;  with  over  200  deaths  from  April  to  July,  1903.  The  disease 
continued  to  flourish  in  Formosa,  and  there  were  many  more  cases 
in  Yokohama  than  in  the  previous  year.  A  few  cases  occurred 
in  Siam.  Over  100  cases  developed  at  Singapore,  Straits  Settle- 
ments, among  Chinese  coolies  disembarked  in  quarantine  from  a 
steamship  from  Chinese  ports.     In  the  spring  of  1903  there  were  many 


11 

cases  of  plague  at  Hawiza,  Persia.  In  the  Turkish  possessions  in  Asia 
the  worst  prevalence  was  at  Assyr.  On  Bahrein  Island,  in  the  Persian 
Gulf,  it  is  calculated  that  there  were  1,000  deaths  from  plague.  In 
Egypt  about  300  cases  occurred  in  the  year,  distributed  among  the 
cities  of  Alexandria,  Port  Said,  and  Damietta,  and  four  of  the  prov- 
inces. The  disease  made  an  advance  into  new  territory,  appearing  at 
Blida,  Algeria.  It  was  worse  in  the  island  of  Mauritius  in  1903  than 
in  1904.  In  British  South  Africa  there  were  marked  prevalences  at 
Durban,  Pietermaritzburg,  Port  Elizabeth,  King  Williamstown,  and 
East  London,  the  epidemic  also  extending  to  other  centers  of  popula- 
tion. In  Australia,  plague,  though  showing  itself  in  a  number  of 
cities,  particularly  Brisbane  and  Fremantle,  did  not  assume  alarming 
proportions.  It  was  present  at  Auckland,  New  Zealand,  where  the 
malady  had  appeared  the  previous  year  after  a  year's  absence.  Hav- 
ing skipped  a  year,  plague  reappeared  in  New  Caledonia,  causing  over 
100  deaths.  At  Honolulu  and  Hilo,  Hawaii,  there  were  a  few  cases, 
and  at  Manila  and  Cebu,  Philippine  Islands,  it  was  epidemic.  Mar- 
seille, France,  had  a  limited  epidemic,  beginning  among  the  employees 
of  a  paper  factory.  In  North  America  17  fatal  cases  were  reported  at 
San  Francisco,  Cal.  At  Mazatlan,  Mexico,  the  epidemic  of  the  pre- 
vious year  took  on  greater  proportions — over  350  cases  were  recorded, 
and  the  disease  embraced  several  neighboring  places.  Cases  continued 
to  appear  at  Ensenada,  Mexico.  In  South  America,  Brazil,  Argentina, 
Chile,  and  Peru  were  the  hosts  of  the  disease.  The  epidemic  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro  continued  without  abatement.  Porto  Alegre,  Pernambuco, 
Para,  and  other  localities  were  not  free  from  the  disease.  There  were 
a  few  cases  at  Tucuman  and  Parana,  in  Argentina.  In  Chile  a  large 
epidemic  prevailed  at  Iquique,  and  the  disease  was  present  at  Valpa- 
raiso, Pisaqua,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Concepcion.  There  were  also 
cases  of  plague  at  Callao,  Pacasmayo,  and  Mollendo,  in  Peru. 

1904. — Plague  in  India  caused  over  1,000,000  deaths  in  the  year 
1904.  With  the  exception  of  a  shght  remission  in  the  year  1900,  there 
had  been  a  constant  annual  increase  since  1896.  Half  as  many  deaths 
occurred  in  1904  as  during  the  entire  period  of  eight  preceding  years. 
The  disease  in  1904  had  spread  over  the  whole  of  Hindostan,  prevail- 
ing with  maximum  intensity  in  the  Punjab,  the  United  Provinces, 
the  Central  Provinces,  and  the  presidency  of  Bombay. 

At  Aden  sporadic  cases  appearing  in  January  developed  into  an 
epidemic  of  over  200  cases.  In  Siam  plague  extended  to  Bangkok. 
In  Persia  the  principal  prevalence  was  at  Linjah.  China  was  the  seat 
of  a  wide  prevalence,  including  the  cities  of  Hongkong,  Canton,  New- 
Chwang,  and  Amoy.  The  epidemic  raged  with  great  violence  in  For- 
mosa and  there  were  cases  at  Kobe,  Japan.  In  the  Russian  govern- 
ment of  Uralsk  there  -w^ere  about  300  cases  amon^-  the  Tartar  and 
Cossack  population.  Eight  Egyptian  provinces  were  affected ;  there 
were  over  100  cases  at  Alexandria;  small  epidemics  developed  at  Suez 


12 

and  Port  Said,  and  the  disease  was  present  at  Damietta.  An  improve- 
ment took  ])lace  in  Cape  Colony  and  Natal,  but  the  epidemics  ex- 
tended to  the  Transvaal  and  cases  were  disseminated  through  the 
capital  city,  Pretoria,  and  the  districts  of  Johannesburg,  Germinston, 
and  Krugersdorf.  There  was  also  an  epidemic  in  German  East  Afri- 
can possessions  at  the  militar}"  station  of  Iringa,  thirty  days'  march 
from  the  coast.  A  diminution  in  the  number  of  cases  in  the  island  of 
Mauritius  was  noted  as  compared  with  the  preceding  jesiT.  The 
])lague  situation  in  Australia  and  New  Zealand  was  practically  the 
same  as  in  1 903 .  In  the  Pliilippine  Islands  the  disease  was  epidemic  at 
^lanila  and  j) resent  at  Cebu,  and  there  were  cases  at  Honolulu  and 
Hilo  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  Russia  was  the  only  European  country" 
that  lodged  the  disease  in  1903.  About  250  cases  occurred  in  the 
Viatka  Province.  South  America  showed  no  amelioration.  In 
Brazil  nearly  all  the  cities  where  plague  was  recorded  the  year  before 
still  continued  to  suffer.  In  Chile  plague  continued  at  Iquique  and 
Valparaiso,  and  extended  to  Arica,  Antofagasta,  and  Santiago.  Many 
localities  in  Peru  were  visited,  the  prevalences  being  particularly 
severe  at  Lima  and  Paita.  In  North  America  no  further  developments 
were  reported  from  Mexico.  At  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  9  cases  -with  8 
deaths  were  recorded. 

1905. — The  mortality  from  plague  in  India  fell  a  little  short  of  a 
million  in  1905.  Half  the  deaths  occurred  in  the  Punjab  and  the 
United  Provinces.  The  prevalence  was  also  disastrous  in  the  presi- 
dencies of  Bombay  and  Bengal  and  in  Rajputana.  The  distribution 
in  other  countries  of  Asia  was  not  materially  changed  in  1905.  There 
was  a  slight  decline  in  the  epidemic  at  Hongkong.  The  disease  was 
present  at  Amoy,  New-Chwang,  Foochoo,  and  Yingchow.  Formosa 
continued  to  be  devastated.  There  were  wide  prevalences  at  Osaka 
and  Kobe,  and  a  considerable  number  of  cases  at  Tokyo,  Hiogo,  Shimo- 
noseki,  and  on  the  Japanese  island  of  Shikoku.  Hundreds  of  cases 
occurred  in  the  Uralsk  government,  Asiatic  Russia.  The  island  of 
Bahrein,  in  the  Persian  Gulf ,  suffered  severely  from  the  disease;  the 
epidemic  at  Aden,  which  began  in  1904,  took  on  greater  violence;  a 
small  epidemic  occurred  at  Bangkok,  Siam,  and  there  were  cases  at 
Singapore,  Penang,  and  in  the  province  of  Wellesley,  in  the  Straits 
Settlements,  and  at  Adalia,  in  Turkey.  Egypt  and  British  South 
Africa  presented  about  the  same  situation  as  in  the  preceding  year, 
'['here  were  outbreaks  in  British  P^ast  Africa;  an  epidemic  in  the  island 
of  Zanzibar  and  in  Mozambicjue,  and  Mauritius  continued  to  be  devas- 
tated. In  Australia,  plague  disa|)peared  from  Western  Australia, 
hut  the  coiidilioii  was  rather  worse  than  formerly  in  New  South 
Wales  and  Queensland,  the  disease  extending  to  new  localitJes. 
Sumatra  was  added  to  the  already  extensive  list  of  plague-infected 
regions,  and  the  island  of  New  Caledonia  was  not  free  from  infection, 
in  the  Philif)piiu'  Islands  epidemics  prevailed  at  Manila  and  Cebu, 


13 


and  the  disease  was  present  at  Cavite.  There  was  a  small  epidemic 
at  Honolulu  and  there  were  cases  elsewhere  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands 
(Hilo,  Aiea,  Olaa,  and  Waipahu).  A  passenger  arriving  in  Europe 
from  Rangoon  died  ashore  at  Liverpool  a  few  days  after  landing; 
another  passenger,  from  Buenos  Aires,  via  Hamburg,  Germany,  and 
Middlesborough,  England,  died  ashore  at  Manchester;  and  at  Leith, 
the  port  of  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  there  were  4  cases,  1  fatal,  ashore. 
The  association  of  the  cases  with  the  shipping  could  not  be  directly 
traced.  Epidemics  numbering  hundreds  of  cases  prevailed  in  the 
Astrakhan  government  in  Russia.  The  same  countries  in  South 
America  lodged  the  disease  as  during  the  preceding  year.  The  worst 
sufferers  were  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil;  the  district  of  Choya  in  the 
province  of  Santiago  del  Estero,  Argentina;  Valparaiso,  Chile,  and 
many  of  the  Peruvian  cities,  especially  Mollendo.  The  chronicle  of 
plague  in  North  America  in  1905  is  limited  to  2  fatal  cases  at  La 
Boca  and  3  at  Ancon,  the  first  appearance  of  plague  in  Panama. 

1906. — In  India  a  great  decrease  of  plague  took  place  this  year. 
There  were  only  332,000  deaths.  Bombay  Presidency  and  the  Pun- 
jab were  among  the  chief  sufferers.  There  was  little  alteration  in 
the  plague  record  in  China,  Japan,  Siam,  and  the  Straits  Settlements. 
The  epidemics  in  Hongkong,  Amoy,  Kobe,  Osaka,  and  Formosa  con- 
tinued their  ravages.  Plague  was  epidemic  in  Jiddah  and  present  in 
Mecca.  At  Seistan,  on  the  border  of  Lake  Nayzan,  Persia,  hundreds 
of  cases  occurred  during  the  first  half  of  the  year.  In  Turkey,  at 
Adalia,  and  in  the  prison  at  Trebizond  there  were  small  epidemics. 
Plague  was  present  in  the  Transbaikalia  government,  Asiatic  Russia. 
Cases  occurred  at  Alexandria,  Cairo,  and  Port  Said,  Egypt,  and  in  8 
Egyptian  provinces.  In  two  of  these  provinces,  Kena  and  Minieh, 
serious  epidemics  prevailed.  Reports  show  that  during  the  period 
from  1899  to  1906,  inclusive,  2,960  cases  of  plague,  with  1,815  deaths, 
occurred  in  46  localities  belonging  to  12  government  districts  in 
Egypt.  The  localities  include  the  cities  of  Alexandria,  Cairo,  Dami- 
etta,  Port  Said,  and  Suez.  The  cases  and  deaths  were  distributed 
according  to  years,  as  follows: 


Year. 

Cases. 

Deaths.  ■ 

1899.                                                                                                                                  

93 
127 
205 
481 
303 
■    854 
26G 
631 

45 

loon                                                                    .    .              

60 

1901 ....                                          

102 

1902 

291 

190.3.                                                                                                      

160 

1904.         ...                                                                    

501 

1905 

181 

1900                                                                                                                      - 

475 

Total 

2,960 

1,815 

The  prevalence  in  Mauritius  continued.  There  was  an  epidemic  in 
Cape  Town,  and  the  disease  was  still  present  in  British  East  Africa. 
Liberia  was  entered  by  the  epidemic,  adding  another  country  to  the 


14 

territory  invaded  by  plague.  The  presence  in  Liberia  was  limited 
to  ^Monrovia.  Plague  continued  in  Australia.  There  were  cases  at 
Manila,  in  the  Philippine  Islands,  and  at  Honolulu  and  Kauai,  in  the 
Plawaiian  Islands.  With  the  exception  of  a  single  case,  of  unex- 
plained origin,  at  Trieste,  Austria,  the  prevalence  in  Europe  was 
limited  to  the  government  of  Astrakhan,  Russia.  No  plague  was 
reported  in  North  America.  In  South  America  it  continued  its  dev- 
astations as  during  the  previous  year  in  Brazil,  Argentina,  Chile,  and 
Peru,  and  extended  to  Paraguay,  where  its  presence  was  reported  at 
Assumption  in  March  and  April  after  an  absence  of  three  years.  The 
epidemic  at  Buenos  Aires  was  of  a  calamitous  nature,  causing  hun- 
dreds of  deaths.  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Pernambuco,  Campos,  and  Bahia, 
in  Brazil,  were  severely  scourged.  Antofagasta,  in  Chile,  was  also 
the  seat  of  an  epidemic,  and  there  was  an  extensive  prevalence  in 
Peru,  including  among  many  places  Lima,  Trujillo,  Paita,  Mollendo, 
Callao,  Pacasmayo,  Chiclayo  and  Lambayeque. 

1907. — Disappointed  hopes  followed  the  diminution  of  plague 
in  India  in  1906.  The  year  1907  was  marked  by  a  great  augmenta- 
tion of  the  disease.  About  1,400,000  cases  mth  1,200,000  deaths  were 
reported  in  all  India.  The  Punjab  was  heavily  afflicted,  returns 
showing  over  700,000  cases  with  600,000  deaths  from  plague  in  that 
section  of  India.  Bombay  Presidency  recorded  over  200,000  cases 
and  145,000  deaths.  Plague  was  present  in  1907  in  every  part  of 
India  in  which  it  had  appeared  since  the  year  1896.  In  China  it 
was  epidemic,  among  other  localities,  in  Hongkong,  Amoy,  and 
New-Chwang.  Its  prevalence  extended  to  several  places  in  Indo- 
China,  into  which  country  it  had  been  introduced  in  1892.  The 
Formosan  epidemic  completed  its  twelfth  year.  Nagasaki  and  Osaka 
were  the  seats  of  epidemics  and  the  disease  was  widel}^  scattered 
elsewhere  in  Japan.  It  was  present  in  Persia,  Arabia,  Siam,  and 
the  Straits  Settlements.  In  Bahrein  Island,  where  it  made  its 
appearance  in  1903,  the  epidemic  still  continued.  In  Egypt  the. 
prevalence  of  plague  was  of  a  serious  nature  in  Alexandria,  Ismailia, 
Port  Said,  Suez,  and  9  provinces.  It  was  particularly  prevalent  in 
the  provinces  of  Assiout,  Ghizeh,  Kena,  and  Minieh,  and  was  present 
at  Damietta.  Plague  invaded  new  African  territory  in  1907,  being 
present  in  three  towns  of  Tunis.  In  Algeria,  there  was  a  small 
epidemic  at  Pliilijjpesville.  The  disease  was  present  in  British  East 
Africa  and  Britisli  South  Africa.  At  Majunga,  in  Madagascar, 
plague  was  present.  The  ejjideinic  in  Mauritius  completed  its  tenth 
year.  An  epidemic  prevailed  in  Zanzibar.  In  Australia,  where 
plague  was  introducetl  in  1900  and  had  not  forsaken  the  country 
since  its  invasion,  there  were,  in  1907,  epidemics  at  Sydney,  Bris- 
bane, C^iinis,  and  Port  Douglas,  and  the  presence  of  the  malady  was 
announced    elsewhere   in    the   country.     New   Zealand,    which    was 


15 

primarily  invaded  by  plague  the  same  year,  1900,  as  Australia,  still 
continued  to  lodge  the  disease  at  Auckland.  An  epidemic  of  small 
proportions  occurred  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii.  The  disease  was  pres- 
ent at  Olaa  plantation  near  Hilo.  For  nine  years  Hawaii  had  not 
for  a  single  year  been  free  from  plague.  The  only  case  in  the  Philip- 
pine Islands  was  one  on  board  ship,  the  islands  being  free  from  the 
disease  for  the  first  time  in  seven  years.  Plague  was  still  present  in 
the  Astrakhan  government,  European  Russia.  At  Glasgow,  Scotland, 
where  small  epidemics  occurred  in  1900  and  1901,  two  cases,  not 
directly  traceable  to  the  sliipping,  appeared  in  1907.  In  South 
America,  Argentina,  Brazil,  Chile,  Paraguay,  Peru,  and  Uruguay, 
were  the  hosts  of  the  disease.  At  Buenos  Aires,  Bahia,  Pernambuco, 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  Antofagasta,  the  epidemics  of  the  previous 
year  continued,  and  at  Para,  in  Brazil,  at  Pisagua  and  Taltal,  in 
Chile,  and  at  Chepen  and  Chosica,  in  Peru,  there  were  extended 
prevalences.  Peru  had  epidemics  in  most  of  its  chief  cities.  The 
disease  was  present  at  Montevideo,  in  Uruguay,  its  first  appearance 
in  that  country,  and  at  Assumption  and  Concepcion  in  Paraguay. 
There  were  2  deaths  from  plague  at  Trinidad  in  June,  1907,  con- 
stituting its  initial  invasion  of  that  island.  In  North  America,  in 
1907,  plague  again  made  its  appearance  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  the 
United  States.  In  May  a  case  from  a  tugboat  died  at  the  Marine 
Hospital  at  San  Francisco,  Cal.  During  the  calendar  year  1907,  156 
cases  of  plague  with  76  deaths  occurred  at  San  Francisco.  There 
were  also  a  few  cases  at  Oakland,  Point  Richmond,  and  Berkeley, 
close  neighbors  of  San  Francisco.  At  Seattle,  Wash.,  3  fatal  cases 
occurred  in  October. 

LABORATORY    PLAGUE. 

In  1898  a  laboratory  attendant  died  of  plague  at  Vienna,  Austria. 
Later  a  physician  and  a  nurse  who  had  been  engaged  in  the  care  of 
the  attendant  were  taken  sick  with  the  same  disease  and  died.  In 
1900  a  medical  student  in  the  bacteriological  laboratory  at  Ann 
Arbor,  Mich.,  developed  pneumonic  plague  while  working  with 
cultures  of  the  plague  bacillus.  He  recovered  from  his  illness.  At 
Berlin,  Germany,  in  1903,  a  fatal  case  of  plague  occurred  in  the  per- 
son of  a  physician  who  was  studying  plague  in  the  institute  for 
infectious  diseases.  The  nurse  in  attendance  was  also  stricken  with 
the  disease.  A  laboratory  attendant  at  Cronstadt,  Russia,  suc- 
cumbed to  plague  in  1904.  Again  at  Cronstadt,  in  1907,  two  other 
laboratory  cases  of  plague  occurred — the  first,  a  laboratory  director 
who  had  been  experimenting  with  living  plague  cultures;  the  second, 
a  physician  who  attended  the  director  of  the  laboratory.  The 
former  died,  the  latter  recovered. 


16 

TABLK    SHOWING    THE    APPEARANCE    OF    PLAGUE    IN    THE   VARIOUS   COUNTRIES 
DURING  THE  YEARS  1894-1907,  INCLUSIVE. 


1894-1895. 

ASIA: 
China. 

1S96. 

ASIA: 

China. 

India. 

Japan. 

Asiatic  Turkey. 
EUROPE: 

Russia. 

1897. 

ASIA: 

China. 

India. 

Japan. 

Asiatic  Turkey. 
EUROPE: 

Russia. 

1898. 

ASIA: 

China. 

India. 

Japan. 

Asiatic  Turkej*. 

Asiatic  Russia. 
EUROPE: 

Russia. 
AFRICA: 

Madagascar. 

Mauritius. 

1S99. 

ASIA: 

China. 

India. 

Japan. 

Asiatic  Turkey. 

Arabia. 

Persia. 

Straits  Settlements. 
EUROPE: 

Russia. 

Austria. 

Portugal. 
AFRICA: 

Madagascar. 

Mauritius. 

British  South  Africa. 

Egypt. 

French  lyory  Coast. 

Portuguese  East  Africa. 

Ri'iinion. 
AMERICA: 

Argentina. 

Brazil. 

Paraguay. 
OCEANIA: 

Hawaii. 

New  Caledonia. 

1900. 

ASIA: 

Chinii. 

India. 

.lapan. 

Asiatic  Turkey. 

Arabia. 

Persia. 

Persian  Kurdistan. 
EUROPE: 

Russia. 

Portugal. 

riertiiany. 

(jrpat  Britian. 
\  rRlC.\; 

Mftdagascur. 

.Mauritius. 

British  South  Africa. 

Egypt. 

Portuguese  East  Africa. 

Ri^union. 


1900— Continued. 

AMERICA: 

Argentina. 

Brazil. 

Paraguay. 

United  States  (Calif orn in). 
OCEANIA: 

Hawaii. 

New  Caledonia. 

Australia. 

New  Zealand. 

Philippine  Islands. 

1901. 

ASIA: 

China. 

India. 

Japan. 

Asiatic  Turkey. 

Asiatic  Russia. 

Straits  Settlements. 

Siam . 
EUROPE: 

Russia. 

Portugal. 

Great  Britain. 

Italy. 

Turkey. 
AFRICA:" 

Mauritius. 

British  South  Africa. 

Egypt. 

Portuguese  East  Africa. 

Reunion. 
AMERICA: 

Argentina. 

Brazil. 

Paraguay. 

United  States  (California). 
OCEANIA: 

Hawaii. 

New  Caledonia. 

Australia. 

Philippine  Islands. 

1902. 

ASIA: 

China. 

India. 

Japan. 

.\siatic  Turkey. 

Asiatic  Russia. 

Straits  Settlements. 

Chinese  Turkestan. 

French  Indo-China. 
EUROPE: 

Russia. 

Turkey. 
AFRICA:" 

Madagascar. 

Mauritius. 

British  South  Africa. 

Egypt. 

Portuguese  East  .\frica. 

German  East  Africa. 

Zanzibar. 
AMERICA: 

Argentina. 

Brazil. 

Paraguay. 

United  States  (California). 

Mexico. 
OCEANIA: 

Hawaii. 

Australia. 

New  /ealeand. 

Philippine  Islands. 

1903. 

ASIA: 
China. 
India. 
Japan. 
Asiatic  Turkey. 


1903— Continued. 

A  SI  A— Continued. 

Persia. 

Straits  Settlements. 

Siam. 

French  Indo-China. 
EUROPE: 

France. 
AFRICA: 

Mauritius. 

British  South  Africa. 

Egypt. 

Algeria. 
AMERICA. 

Argentina. 

Brazil. 

United  States  (California). 

Mexico. 

Chile. 

Peru. 
OCEANIA: 

Hawaii. 

New  Caledonia. 

Australia. 

New  Zealand. 

Philippine  Islands. 

1904. 

ASIA: 

China. 

India. 

Japan. 

Asiatic  Turkey. 

Asiatic  Russia. 

Arabia. 

Persia. 

Straits  Settlement.^. 

Siam. 
EUROPE: 

Russia. 
AFRICA: 

Mauritius. 

British  South  Africa. 

Egypt- 
German  East  Africa. 
AMERICA: 

Argentina. 

Brazil. 

United  States  (California). 

Chile. 

Peru. 
OCEANIA: 

Hawaii. 

Australia. 

New  Zealand. 

Philippine  Islands. 

1905. 

ASIA: 

China. 

India. 

Japan. 

Asiatic  Turkey. 

Asiatic  Russia. 

Arabia. 

Straits  Settlements. 

Siam. 
EUROPE: 

Russia. 

Great  Britain. 
AFRICA: 

Mauritius. 

British  South  .\frica. 

Egypt. 

Portuguese  East  Africa. 

Zanzibar. 

British  East  Africa. 
AMERICA: 

jVrgentina. 

Brazil. 

Chile. 

Peru. 

Panama. 


17 


TABLE  SHOWING   THE   APPEARANCE    OF    PLAGUE    IN    THE   VARIOUS    COUNTRIES 
DURING  THE  YEARS  1894-1907,  INCLUSIVE— Continued. 


1905 — Continued . 


OCEANIA: 

AMERICA: 

Hawaii. 

Argentina. 

New  Caledonia. 

Brazil. 

Aiistralia. 

Paraguay. 

Philippine  Islands. 

Chile. 

Sumatra. 

Peru. 

OCEANIA: 

1906. 

Hawaii. 

ASIA: 

Australia. 

China. 

Philippine  I.«!lands. 

India. 

Japan. 
Asiatic  Turkey. 

lOOT. 

Asiatic  Russia. 

ASIA: 

Persia. 

China. 

Straits  Settlements. 

India. 

Siam. 

Japan. 

EUROPE: 

Asiatic  Turkey. 

Russia. 

Arabia. 

Austria. 

Persia. 

AFRICA: 

Straits  Settlements. 

Mauritius. 

Siam. 

British  South  Africa. 

French  Indo-China. 

Egypt. 

EUROPE: 

British  East  Africa. 

Russia. 

Liberia. 

Great  Britain. 

1906— Continued. 


190T— Continued. 

AFRICA: 

Madagascar. 

Mauritius. 

British  South  Africa. 

Egypt. 

Algeria. 

Zanzibar. 

British  East  Africa. 

Tunis. 
AMERICA: 

Argentina. 

Brazil. 

Paraguay. 

United  States  (California  and 
Washington). 

Chile. 

Peru. 

Trinidad. 

Uruguay. 
OCEANIA: 

Hawaii. 

Australia. 

New  Zealand. 


During  the  present  year,  1908,  up  to  July  1,  Ecuador  and  Ven- 
ezuela, in  South  America,  and  the  British  Gold  Coast,  in  Africa,  have 
been  invaded  by  plague.  The  island  of  Terceira,  belonging  to  the 
group  of  the  Azores,  was  declared  plague-infected  July,  1908.  These 
four  countries,  added  to  those  tabulated  in  the  foregoing  list,  make 
a  total  of  52  countries  infected  since  the  primary  outbreak  in  China 
in  1894. 

TABLES   OF   PLAGUE   LOCALITIES,   1894-1907. 

In  the  following  tables,  based  largely  on  reports  to  the  Public 
Health  and  Marine-Hospital  Service,  the  designations  ''present"  and 
"epidemic"  are  necessarily  used  in  a  somewhat  arbitrary  way. 
When  in  any  given  localit}'  the  disease  has  evidently  formed  foci,  the 
connection  between  which  is  not  clearly  traceable,  or  where  the  prev- 
alence is  extensive  in  proportion  to  the  population,  the  outbreak  is 
designated  as  being  ''epidemic."  In  localities  where  these  conditions 
do  not  obtain,  or  where  the  extent  of  the  prevalence  is  unkno\Mi,  the 
disease  is  entered  in  the  tables  as  "present."  Plague  on  shipboard  is 
the  subject  of  a  separate  table. 


18 


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27 


PLAGUE    ON    VESSELS. 


The  follomno;  table  of  plague  on  vessels  during  the  years  1894  to 
1907,  inclusive,  has  been  prepared  from  the  files  of  the  public  health 
reports  and  from  other  sources : 

PLAGUE  ON  VESSELS,  1894  TO  1907,  INCLUSIVE. 


Name  of  vessel. 


Date. 


Port  of  arrival.     Where  from. 


Three  river  boats 

Two  river  boats 

Three  river  boats 

riiknowTi  vessel 

Steamship  Gaelic 

Steamship  Coptic 

Steam.ship  Peni 

Steamship  Perim 

British  steamship 

Baldwin. 
British  steamship 

Dilwara. 
Japanese      steamship 

Fukuoka  Mara. 
British     ship     Annie 

Maud. 

Steamship  Peninsular 
British    steamship 

Glenturret. 
British    steamship 

Rohilla. 
Egyptian     steamship 

Mahale. 
American     steamship 

Peru. 
Japanese      steamship 

Hikozan  Maru. 
British    steamship 

Carthage. 
British    steamship 

Golconda. 

Steamship  Himilaya.. . 

Steamship  Haidari 

Steamship  Mirzapore.. 
British    steamship 

Caledonia. 

Steamship  Gaelic 

Japanese      steamship 

Nippon  Maru. 
Japanese      steamship 

America  Maru. 
Japanese      steamship 

Nippon  Maru. 
Steamship  City  of  Pe- 
king. 
Japanese      steamship 

Fukuoka  Maru. 
French   steamship 

Equateur. 
Austrian      steamship 

Berenice. 
Steamship  Peninsular. 
Ottoman    liner    Polls 

Mytilini. 
British  steamship 

J.  R.  Taylor. 

Japanese      steamship 
Nanyo  Maru. 

Steamship  Kilbum 

Steamship  Montevideo 


1894. 
June    4 
June    5 
June    6 
June  14 

1896. 
Mar.  29 
June  — 
June  — 

1897. 
Jan.     8 
Mar.  31 

...do... 

June    4 

July   16 

1898. 


Apr.  — 
Apr.  29 
Apr.  30 
June  — 
June  10 
July  12 
Dec.  24 
1899. 


Feb.  — 
Mar.  12 
Apr.     7 

Apr.  17 
May  26 

June  — 

June    1 

June  27 

Aug.  — 

Sept.    8 

Oct.   — 

Oct.  9 
Oct.   27 

Nov.  17 

1900. 
Jan.   31 

Mar.  6 
Apr.  — 


Canton. . . 

do.... 

do.... 

Singapore . 


Hongkong. 

do 

do 

do 


Yokohama 

San  Francisco. 
....do 


Camaran . . 
Theodosia. 


Suez 

Yokohama 

San  Francisco 


Suez 

Shanghai . 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Bombay 
Cardiff.". 


Bombay. 
Formosa  . 
Calcutta. 


Nagasaki . . 

Suez 

Kobe 

Nagasaki . , 

Suez 

Plymouth . 

Port  Said. 

Bassorah. 
Camaran . . 
Aden 


Hongkong . 

do 

Jiddah 


Hongkong . 
Bombay. .. 
Calcutta . . . 


Bombay 

Chittagong . 


Shanghai . . 
Hongkong. 

Yokohama. 

Nagasaki. . 

do 

do 

Beirut 

Trieste 


Hongkong.. 
Nagasaki . . . 


Hongkong.. 
Honolulu . . . 

Hongkong . . 
Formosa  . . . 
Alexandria . 


Santos. 


Plymouth . 
Trieste 


New  York . 


Port       Town- 
send. 
Cape  Town . . . 
Barcelona 


Bombay 

Constan- 
tinople. 
Santos 


Kobe. 


Rosario. 
Manila . . 


Num- 
ber of 
cases. 


Deaths. 


Remarks. 


Died  on  shore. 
Died  in  Nagasaki. 
Quarantined       at 
Nagasaki. 


Via  Aden. 


For  Marseille  and 
London. 

Plague  on  board. 


Via  Cape  de  Verde. 


Via  Honolulu. 
En  route. 


28 


PLAGUE  ON  VESSELS,  1894  TO  1907,  INCLUSIVE— Continued. 


Xaine  of  vessel. 


Date. 


Steamship  San  Jorge  . . 
Italian  steamship  Kaf- 
faele  Rubattino. 

Steamship  Coromandel 
Japanese      steamship 

Yeijo  Maru. 
Unknown  steamship.. . 
British   steamship 

Rosetta. 

Steamship  Roma 

German  steamship 

Rosario. 

Steamship  Coptic 

French,   steamship 

Niger. 
Brazilian  man-of-war 

Benjamin  Constant. 
Steamship     South 
Garth. 

Steamship 

Steamship     Highland 

Prince. 

Steamship  Dolphin 

British  ship  Ben  Lo- 
mond. 
Steamship  Hong  Wan. 


Steamship  Pergamon. . 
Berriz 

Steamship  Friary 

Steamship  Senegal . . . . 

Steamship  Rembrandt 

Steamship  Roslin  Cas- 
tle. 

British  steamship  An- 
tillian. 

British  steamsliip 

Simla. 
Japanese      steamship 

Taichu  Maru. 
Japanese      steamship 

Tainan  Maru. 
Japanese      steamship 

Chiyoda  Maru. 
-Vmerican     steamship 

Kintuek. 


Steamship  Empress  of 
China. 

British  steamship  Car- 
lisle City. 

Japanese  steamship 
Hiroshima  Maru. 

Laos 

Steamship  Ville  de  la 
Ciotat. 

Steamship  Waiale^lc.. 

Steamship  Patiala 

Steamship  Pelico 

British  steamship  Bal- 
laarat. 

Japanese  steamship 
Taichu  Maru. 

British  steamship  Vic- 
toria. 

British  steamship  City 
of  Perth. 
Do 

Duca  de  Galliera.. 

Do 

French  steamship  E.s- 

pagne. 
Steamship  Pnrulia  . . . . 


1903. 
Apr.  — 
Apr.  15 


Apr.  28 
June    6 

....do... 
June  11 


Julv     3 
July   28 

Aug.  1.5 
Aug.  22 

Sept.  — 

Sept.  23 

Sept.  27 
Oct.   — 

Oct.    18 
Oct.   26 

Dec.  24 

1901. 
Jan.  — 
Jan.  9 
Jan.  10 
Jan.  11 
Jan.  20 
Mar.  — 

Mar.    3 


Mar.  13 
Apr.  16 
May  5 
....do... 
June    1 


Port  of  arrival. 


June  10 

June  22 

July  — 

July  8 
Oct.   — 

Oct.  — 
Dec.  5 
Dec.     7 

1902. 
Feb.  — 

Mar.    7 

Apr.  — 

June  10 

June  18 

June  23 
July  16 
July  18 

Oct.     3 


Catbalogan.P.I 
Messina 


Hongkong . 
Yokohama . 

Nagasaki . . 
Yokoliama. 


London... 
Hamburg. 


San  Francisco 
Const  ant  i- 

nople. 
Rio  de  Janeiro 

Glasgow 


Bremen. 
Rosario. 


Num- 
V.'here  from.    ■  ber  of   Deaths.  Remark: . 

cases. 


Manila  . . 
Bombay. 


do... 

Formosa 


Goto  Island  . . 
Hongkong 


Sydney . . 
La  Plata 


Kobe. 
Syros. 


London. . 
....do... 


Singapore . 


Hamburg 

Constantinople 

Hull 

Beirut 

Bristol 

Durban 


Rosario. 


Buenos  Aires. 
London 


Calais 

Philippines 


Trieste 

Poti 

Alexandria . 


Sydney . 


Southampton 

Nagasaki 

Kobe 

do 

Nagasaki 


do 

San  Diego. 
Formosa.. 


Cape  Town. 

do 

Formos.! 

do 

do 


Shanghai . 
Hongkong 
do.... 


1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

Marseille. 
do... 


Eastern  Asia. 
Numea 


Honolulu. 

Aden 

Marseille.. 


Kauai  Island. 
Batoom 


Case  removed  to 
lazaretto  on 
Suez  Canal. 


Via  Aden. 


Via  Honolulu. 
Embarked  at   -VI- 
exandretta. 


Died     Oct.   4,    at 
Llandafl. 


Via  Bahia  and 
Montevideo. 


Rat  plague. 


Three  other  troop 
ships  rat  m. 
fected. 


-\.mong  firemen 
from  Hongkong 
via  steamship 
China. 


Via  Honolulu. 


Rat  plague. 


Shanghai I 

Nagasaki ' 

Suez 

Dunkirk 


Mouth    of 
Thames. 

Genoa 

Barcelona 

Marseille 


liangoon . 


Calcutta — 
Formosa . . . 
Bombay... 
Calcutta . . . 
Dunkirk 


Buenos  Aires. 

do 

do 


Present  on  board. 
Do. 


Calcutta. 


29 


PLAGUE  ON  VESSELS,  1,S94  TO  1907,  INCLUSIVE— Continued. 


Name  of  vessel.  Date.      Port  of  arrival,  j   "S^Tiere  from. 


!      1903.      j 
British  ship | [  Singapore Chinese,  ports. 


Jan.  10 
Feb.  20 

Mar.  9 
Mar.  21 
Mar.  .31 
May     4 

May  30 

June  15 

Aug.  18 

1904. 
Mar.  14 

Mar.  10 

Mar.  16 

Apr.  21 
May     2 

May  21 
May  31 
June  — 
June  4 
June  18 

....do... 

....do... 
Aug.  22 


Steamship  Bishopgate.    Sept.  19 
British    steamship  [  Nov.    3 

Sealda. 
Steamship  Weybridge.    Nov.  30 


Steamship  Oroya 

British  steamship  Sou- 
dan. 

Steamship  Si.Tia 

Steamship  Nevassa 

Steamship  Sultan 

Japanese  steamship 
Kagashima  Maru. 

German  steamship 
Aragonia. 

Japanese  steamship 
Kaga  Maru. 

Russian  war  vessel 
Otvazny. 

British  steamship 
Knight  of  the  Thistle. 

British  steamship 
Plaissy. 

British  steamship  Ar- 
cadia. 

Steamship  Limari 

Austrian  steamship 
Imperatrix. 


Steamship  Korea 

Steamship  Australien. 


Marseille •  Colombo. 

Aden ' 


do 

South  Africa.. . ' 

Fremantlc '  Singapore . 

Yokohama Bombav.. 


do 

do I  Seattle.... 

Nagasaki '  Shanghai . 

Suez '  Bombay.. 

do do. . . . 

do I  Sydney... 


Callao 

Suez I  Bombav. 


Steamship  Glenogle . 
Steamship  Restorer. 
Steamship  Coptic  .  . . 


Hongkong Araoy 

Kobe '  Hongkong. . . 

Wusung j  Kobe 

H  ongkong Heung  Shan . 

do Canton 

do I  Singapore .  . . 

do do 

Honolulu 


Steamship  Crewe  Hall . 

Steamship  Aida 

Austrian      steamship 
Imperator. 


Steamship  Hylas 

Japanese      steamship 

Kerjo  Maru. 

Steamship  Niger 

British     steamship 

Banca. 

Steamship  Pizarro 

Steamship  Santiaga . . . 
British  steamship  Oro- 

pesa. 


Steamship  China 

Steamship  Burrsfleld. 


1905. 

Feb.  7 

Feb.  8 

Feb.  13 

June  4 

June  8 

July  17 


....do... 
Sept.  17 


South  Shields. .'  Rosario 

Moji Rangoon 

London j  Buenos  Aires. 


Liverpool Rangoon. 

Port  Said Suez 

Bombav do... 


Callao 

Manchester Argentina . . 

Shimonoseki. . .    Osaka 


British     steamship 
Pegu. 

Steamship  Siberia 

Steamship  Braila 


Steamship  Britannia . . 

Steamship  Limari 

Steamship  Calypso 


British  steamship  Sax- 
on Prince. 

Japanese  steamship 
America  Maru. 

British 


Nov.  — 
Nov.  — 
Dec.   10 

1906. 
Mar.  13 
Apr.     6 

Apr.  12 

Mav  28 
July   11 

July  12 
Oct.  4 
Nov.    7 

1907. 
Jan.    10 

Jan.   29 

Feb.     4 


Beirut '  Egypt 

Cebu Hongkong . 

Paita 

do I 

Liverpool Valparaiso . 


Manila 

Reedy    Island 

Quarantine. 

Suez 


San  Francisco 
Bombay 

Rangoon 


Yokohama . 
Trebizond. . 


Adelaide. 
Callao.. . 
Trieste .  . 


Steamship       Tsesare-  Apr.  30 

vitch. 

Steamship  Arawatta . .  May  — 

Steamship  Moshtari. . .  May  23 


Santos. . . 
Honolulu . 


Hongkong... 
Constantino- 
ple. 
Melbourne... 
Valparaiso  .  . 
Venice 


Buenos  Aires. 


Briti-sh     East 

-Vfrica. 
Odessa 


Melbourne 
Jiddah.... 


.Vlexandriii 
Bassorah. 


Num- 
ber of 
cases. 


Deaths.  Remarks. 


104  cases  in  quar- 
antine. 
Several  cases. 


Patient  landed  at 
Aden. 


1      From     oriental 
ports. 


1  I  1 

2  2  , 

1  ' '  Patient  landed  at 

Aden. 

1  ; 

1  I  1 

1  1 


Died      in     pri.son 
Aug.  8. 


1  I  From         orientiil 

'      ports. 
1  i 

1  j 

1 


30 


PLAGUE  ON  VESSELS,  1894  TO  1907,  INCLUSIVE— Continued. 


Name  of  vessel. 

Date. 

Port  of  arrival. 

WTiere  from. 

Num- 
ber of 
cases. 

Deaths. 

Remarks. 

^Vme  rica  n  t  ug  AV  i  za  rd  . 
British         steamship 

Wharfedale. 
German        steamship 

Ferd.  Laiesz. 

Steamship  Samoa 

Steamship  Sierra 

Steamship  Mareeba 

French  steamship  Or- 

leanais. 

1907. 
May  23 

May  28 

July  23 

Aug.  12 
Sept.  14 
Sept.  16 
Oct.   30 

San  Francisco . 
Groden 

Manila 

San  Francisco . 

Honolulu ' 

Brisbane 

Rio  de  Janeiro  . 

1 
1 

1 

1 
1 

1 
7 

1 

1 
1 

i' 

2 

Died  on  shore. 

Buenos  Aires. 
Chinese  ports. 

San  Francisco 

Newcastle 

Marseille 

o 


DATE  DUE 


COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 


0043057080 


KG  171 


Un3 


U.S.   Public  health  ser"^rice. 


